IX Chapter- 3 Electoral Politics

 

IX Chapter- 3

Electoral Politics

Need of Elections

*Elections take place regularly in any democracy. In democratic countries elections take place to choose people’s representatives.

* Election  is  a  mechanism  by  which  people  can  choose  their  representatives  at  regular  intervals  and change them if they wish to do so. It is the process through which people choose their representatives to form the government. E. Parliament election or Assembly election.

i) For democratic countries elections are necessary. In most democracies people rule through representatives. To choose the representatives we need election

ii)  To find out if people like their representatives or not elections are required to elect or not to elect.

iii)  To ensure that these representatives rule as per the wishes of people elections are required.

iv)  To  make  sure  that  those  who  the  people  don’t  like  do  not  remain  in  power  elections  are  required.

 

Elections give choices

In an election the voters make many choices:

*They can choose who will make laws for them.

*They can choose who will form the government and take major decisions.

*They can choose the party whose policies will guide the government and law making.

What Makes an Election Democratic?

Minimum conditions of a democratic election include the following points.

1.  Everyone should be able to choose their own representative.

2.  Parties and candidates should be free to contest elections and should offer some real choice to the voters.

3.  Elections must be held regularly after every few years.

4.  The candidate preferred by the people should get elected.

5.  Elections should be conducted in a free and fair manner where people can choose as they

really wish.

Merits of Political Competition

Elections are all about political competition. This competition takes various forms. At the constituency level, it takes the form of competition among several candidates.

Reasons that support political competition are as follows

1.  If there is no competition, elections will become pointless.Regular electoral competition provides incentives to political parties and leaders.

2.  Political parties know that if they raise issues that people want to be raised, their popularity and chances of victory will increase in the next elections. On the contrary, if they fail to satisfy the voters with their work, they will not be able to win again

 

3.  If a political party is motivated only by the desire to be in power, despite that, it will be forced to serve the people.

4. Political competition enlightens people about election and democratic principles and during their competition people can identify the party that they should choose.

Disadvantages of political competition

*An electoral competition has many demerits. It creates a sense of disunity and ‘factionalism’ in every locality.

*Different political parties and leaders often level allegations against one another.

*Parties and candidates often use dirty tricks to win elections.

*Some people say that the pressure to win electoral fights does not allow sensible long-term policies to be formulated.

*Some good people who may wish to serve the country do not enter this arena. They do not like the idea of being dragged into unhealthy competition.

What is Our System of Election?

Elections are held in India in Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha (Assembly) regularly after every 5 years. After 5 years, the term of all the elected representatives comes to an end.

*Elections held in all constituencies at the same time, either on the same day or within a few days is called a General Election.

*Sometimes elections are held only for one constituency to fill the vacancy caused by death or resignation of a member. This is called a By-Election.

 

Election Process

1.Electoral constituency

2. Voter’s list

3. Nomination  of  candidates 

4. Polling

5. Counting  of  votes

6.Declaration of result

Electoral Constituency

*India is divided into different areas for the purpose of elections. These areas are called  electoral constituencies.

The voters who live in an area elect one representative

*For Lok Sabha elections, India is divided into 543 constituencies. The representative elected

from each constituency is called a Member of Parliament or an MP.

* Each state is divided into a specific number of Assembly constituencies. ‘

In this case, the elected representative is called the Member of Legislative Assembly or an MLA.

Each Parliamentary constituency has within it several assembly constituencies.

*The same principle applies for Panchayat and Municipal elections. Each village or town is divided into several ‘wards’ that are like constituencies. Each ward elects one member of the village or the urban local body. Sometimes these constituencies are counted as ‘seats’, for each constituency represents one seat in the assembly.

Reserved Constituencies

 

In Indian parliament and in state assembly elections seats are reserved to include representation for all classes in the legislature.

*Some constituencies are reserved for people who belong to the Scheduled Castes [SC] and Scheduled Tribes [ST]. In the Lok Sabha, 84 seats are reserved for the SC and 47 for the ST and 412 are general seats.

*In SC reserved constituency, only someone who belongs to the Scheduled Caste can stand for election.

*Only those belonging to the Scheduled Tribes can contest an election from a constituency reserved for ST.

*In many states, seats in rural (panchayat) and urban (municipalities and corporations) local bodies are now reserved for Other Backward Classes (OBC) and women candidates as well.

Voters’ List

*In a democratic election, the list of those who are eligible to vote is prepared much before the election and given to everyone, which is officially called the Electoral Roll and is commonly known as the

*Voters’ List. It is the responsibility of the government to get the names of all the eligible voters put on the voters’ list.

*The voters are required to carry Election Photo Identity Card [EPIC] when they go out to vote, so that no one can vote for someone else. But the card is not yet compulsory for voting as voters can show many other proofs of identity, like the ration card or the driving licence.

 

Nomination of Candidates

*Anyone who can be a voter can also become a candidate in elections. The candidate should be a minimum of 25 years age. Every person who wishes to contest an election has to fill out a ‘nomination form’ and give some money as ‘security deposit’. The candidate has to make a legal declaration, giving full details of:

1.  Serious criminal cases pending against the candidate

2.  Details of the assets and liabilities of the candidate and his or her family

3.  Educational qualifications of the candidate

This information is made available to the public so that voters can make their decision on the basis of the information provided by the candidates.

Election Campaign

The election campaigns are conducted to have a free and open discussion about who is a better representative and in turn, which party will make a better government.

 In India, Election Campaigns  take place for a two-week period between the announcement of the final list of candidates and the date  of polling. During this period the candidates contact their voters, political leaders address election  meetings and political parties mobilise their support voters.

 

Popular Party Slogans

 

Some of the successful slogans given by different political parties in various elections:

1.  “Garibi  Hatao”  (Remove poverty) was used by the Congress party  led  by  Indira  Gandhi  in  the  Lok  Sabha  elections  in  1971.

2.  “Save Democracy  “was given by the Janata Party in the next  Lok Sabha elections held in 1977.

3.  “Land to the Tiller”  was used by the Left Front in the West  Bengal Assembly elections held in 1977.

4.“Protect  the  Self-  Respect  of  the  Telugus”  was  the  slogan used  by  N.T.  Rama  Rao,  the  leader  of  the  Telugu  Desam  Party in Andhra Pradesh Assembly elections in 1983.

 

Laws made by Election Commission regarding election campaign

According to India’s election law, no party or candidate can:

1.  Bribe or threaten voters

2.  Appeal to them in the name of caste or religion

3.  Use government resources for election campaign

4.  Spend more than 25 lakh in a constituency for a Lok Sabha election or 10 lakh in a constituency in an Assembly election

*If any Political Party does so, their election can be rejected by the court. In addition to the laws, all the political parties in our country have agreed to a Model Code of Conduct for election campaigns.

Model Code of Conduct

A set of norms and guide lines to be followed by political parties  and  contesting  candidates  during  election  time.

According to this no party or candidate can.-

1.  Use any place of worship for election propaganda.

2. Use government vehicles, aircrafts and officials for elections.

3.  Once  elections  are  announced,  ministers  shall  not  lay foundation stones  of  any  projects,  take  any  big  policy

decisions or make any promises of providing public facilities.

 

Polling and Counting of Votes

The day when the voters cast or ‘poll’ their vote is called the election day. The voting is done in the following manner.

1.  Every person whose name is on the voters’ list can go to a nearby ‘polling booth’.

2.  Once the voter goes inside the booth, the election officials identify her, put a mark on her finger and allow her to cast her vote.

3.  An agent of each candidate is allowed to sit inside the polling booth and ensure that the voting takes place in a fair way

Ballot paper & EVM

*A ballot paper is a sheet of paper on which the names of the contesting candidates along with party names and symbols are listed. The ballot paper was used earlier. Nowadays, electronic voting machines (EVM) are used to record votes.

*The machine shows the names of the candidates and the party symbols.

* The voter has to just press the button against the name of the candidate she wants to give her vote to.

Once the polling is over, all the EVMs are sealed and taken to a secure place.

*A few days later, all the EVMs are opened and the votes secured by each candidate are counted.

*The candidate who secures the highest number of votes from a constituency is declared  elected.

 

What Makes Election in India Democratic?

1) Independent Election Commission

 

In India, elections are conducted by the Election Commission (EC). The Chief Election Commissioner  (CEC) is appointed by the President of India.

But  once  appointed,  he  is  not   answerable  to the President or the Government. Even  if the ruling  party  or  the  government  does  not  like  what  the  Commission  does,  it  is  virtually  impossible  for  it  to remove the CEC.  Election Commission is independent.

*It  enjoys the  same  kind  of  independence  that  the  judiciary  enjoys. and has a wide range of powers which are:

Powers and functions

1.  EC takes decisions on every aspect of conduct and control of elections from the announcement of elections to the declaration of results.

2.  It implements the Code of Conduct and punishes any candidate or party that violates it.

3.  During the election period, the EC can order the government to follow some guidelines, to

prevent the use and misuse of governmental power to enhance its chances to win elections, or to transfer some government officials.

4.  When on election duty, government officers work under the control of the EC and not the

government.

2) Popular Participation

The quality of the election process can also be checked by seeing the participation of people. People’s participation in the election is measured by voter turnout figures. Turnout indicates the per cent of eligible voters who actually cast their vote.

1.  In India, the poor, illiterate and underprivileged people vote in larger proportion as compared to the rich and privileged sections.

2.  Common people in India feel that through elections they can bring pressure on political parties to adopt policies and programmes favourable to them.

3.  The interest of voters in election related activities has been increasing over the years.

3) Acceptance of Election Outcome

 

One final test of the free and fairness of the election is the outcome of the election.

1.  The ruling parties routinely lose elections in India both at the national and state level.

2.  In the US, an incumbent or ‘sitting’ elected representative rarely loses an election. In India, about half of the sitting MPs or MLAs lose elections.

3.  Candidates who are known to have spent a lot of money on ‘buying votes’ and those with known criminal connections often lose elections.

4.  Barring very few disputed elections, the electoral outcomes are usually accepted as ‘people’s verdict’ by the defeated party.

 

 

Challenges to Free and Fair Elections

Elections in India are basically free and fair. Sometimes this may not be true for every constituency.

There are many limitations and challenges to Indian elections. These include:

1.  Candidates and parties with a lot of money enjoy a big and unfair advantage over smaller  parties.

2.  Candidates with criminal connections have been able to push others out of the electoral race and to secure a ‘ticket’ from major parties.

3.  Tickets are distributed to relatives from their families.

4.  Elections offer little choice to ordinary citizens as major parties are quite similar to each other, both in policies and practice.

5.  Smaller parties and independent candidates suffer a huge disadvantage compared to bigger parties.

 

Worksheet

1.     What is Election?

2.     Why do we need elections?

3.     What are the choices that voters normally make in an election?

4.     What are the minimum conditions of a democratic election? ( What makes an election democratic?)

5.     What are the merits/advantages of political competition?

6.     What are the de-merits/disadvantages of political competition?

7.     Distinguish between General Election and By- election.

8.     What are Electoral Constituencies?

9.     What are Reserved Constituencies?

10.  What is Voter’s List?

11.  What is meant by Universal Adult Franchise? Why is it adopted in India?

12.  What is meant by EPIC?

13.  Mention a few successful slogans by different political parties in different elections.

14.  Explain  the  Model  Code  of  Conduct  for  election campaigns.

15.  What  are  the  powers  and  functions  of  Election Commission of India?

16.  Discuss the various kinds of elections held in India.

17.  Mention any four laws made by Election Commission with regard to election campaign.

18.  What makes Election Commission an  Independent body?

 

*******Chapter Over Here*******

 

 

 

 

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